End of year reflection

                As the year end many memories are flowing as if every moment was a single event. Even when there were moments in which what was learned seemed irrelevant or simple logic, it would later prove that it is actually present in everyday life. Many of the moments are the ones that can be treasured like the activities associated with the lessons and their importance. How and why crowds, teen’s, adults, and concepts in the social interest change.  The way that the different perspectives agree in the little details but disagree in the overall concept of the value of certain social components and dividers like mass media, health care, and other important and basic resources. This year a lot as been learned but the teaching technique was a balance of self taught and class review. As a student that believes that one can learn any information with determination and access to the internet I can conclude that the articles were a useful way to practice what was learned. Over all may this year be an example of how many other years can be done for this class for the exception of an increase of daily class involvement.  

Arab spring

The Arab spring is an example of how the pressed will innovate to ensure the needed change to regain their lost rights. This movement was a chain reaction that began in a small town were the corruption was to great which caused many more to rebel. This event can be explained by the conflict theory because the social difference over came many difficulties and even resembles the reasons for many other revolutions. The success of the movement can be seen as part of the relative deprivation theory but in reality it matches more with the resource mobilization theory because of how it was successful and the union of the different classes that felt the operation and used their resources to ensure the movements efficiently     

                The Arab spring was the result of a wide spread event in which a young seller burned himself because he could no longer withstand the corruption of the police. Based on the fact that the event was not reported many manifested with the discontent of not knowing why did they allow something so horrible to happen and in the end the authorities made a violent assault that was filled allowing many to see the corruption. The events inspired those with a higher social level to help them this lead to useful resources like intelligent people who had ideas of how to make the movement successful. The triumph of the movement lead to a similar revolution to happen in Egypt the largest difference was that not all had the access to the internet and cell phones. They were able to overcome the disadvantage as did all the other future movements.

                According to the conflict theory the oppression to a group by reducing the resources will lead to a revolution. This can be seen as each of these countries was depraved from freedom of speech and unfair treatment. This can be seen in the origins and the strengthening presses that helped the revolution to begin and to succeed. Over all the opening that allowed the Arab community to see how unfair they were treated was unmistakably the endurance that the dictators could not defeat the movement’s success. According to Marx the movement happened because those with recourse were not balanced with those that work.

The mobilization theory states that the success of a movement is directly dependent on the ability to move the resources that are people, smart people and other crucial components for a revolution. This is seen as the success was the communication between those that had a good concept of how to ensure the success of the moment and those needed to ensure. Even when Egypt did not have enough support from those that were able to have the needed knowledge were later helped by the original revolutionary movement.

The overall success proves that even when the connection disconnects us from others in real life it aids the connection to those who we would not expect help.  As the life’s were taken it is a reminder of how people are willing to sacrifice their lives to ensure freedom over the oppressing hand of corruption.  Even in the darkest moments there is light in the theories of who and why this movements start and end because they state we can all work for it. 

chapter 18 Social change and modernization

                The social actualization is the way many groups improve their interaction between individuals and moral standards. These improvements are made by social changes in the overall standards of the social life.  There are multiple theories of how this these changes begin.  In total there are four popular concepts of how and why society changes. Cyclical, evolutionary, equilibrium, and conflict are the four theories. Care less of why they change modernization has a process with two theories of how exactly it happens. In life there is always a consequence for every action for modernization it is the same some are beneficial others are in a grey area.

                                           

                Cyclical theory states that a social change is caused by a cycle of growth and de decay. This is a point of view of historians’, as it can be noticed throughout history. Pitirim Sorokin said that it was more of a fluctuation because of the different cultures: Ideational, sensational, and idealistic. He said it was because social desire to move to either culture causes change that is way it was a principle of imminent change. The evolutionary theory believes that this change is causes by the natural movement of society to become more complex.  The origins of this theory are from Charles Darwin, but the current theory believes there are exceptions of the step process social groups go through.

                In the equilibrium theory like the name it is theorized that the social equilibrium is like a living organism that tries to maintain a balance so that change is more of a process to restore the balance. The conflict theory is very different because it believes in the constant struggle between those that have and those that do. This means that there will always be a struggle that ends in conflict. Making social change to improve the unbalanced society.

                                                   

                The modernization theory consists in the concepts that industrialization is the first step to modernize the social structure of a country.  The world system theory is from the point of view of the economy. The core nation consists on the most power full countries and the peripheral nations are those that have a weaker economy with the middle nations known as semiperipheral. The consequences of modernization are increase in products and economical growth, yet the disadvantages are mostly alienation from physical interaction and a lack of human care.  

                 In the end modernization can bring many of the benefits we can’t even imagine living without. There are multiple reasons of way we change to obtain these benefits but in the end many values most be preserved to ensure less pointless conflicts arise when it is clear that it could be solved in one strike. The alienation from others is not what change should be used for instead it should be used to join people together to keep helping improve all the unbalances in this complicated society. Even from the economical changes it is important to remember that every aspect of society can improve over time as well as it can instead decline.               

chapter17 Collective behavior and social movements

                As society is the result of multiple individuals that interact together there is a social factor that consists on the union of a group of people that gather in a location, there are multiple of explanations for the gatherings. The reason of why this happens can depend on the different opinions and influences. The social movements that can be defined and explained by the gatherings and opinions, as well as classified.  There is a cycle to every successful movement.

                                    

                Crowd is the unions of individuals that do not necessary interact with each other like groups. Mobs and riots are groups of individuals that become violent. Panic is the response to a dangerous situation in a small area. Mass hysteria is the fear reaction spread over an area. Fashion and fad are trends that alter the opinion of the individuals in an area. Rumors and urban legends are stories to maintain a tradition and fear of doing immoral actions. Public opinion is the sum of the most common ideas. The contagion theory consists on crowds work because they attract people to give of their individualism. Emergent-norm theory instead teaches that crowds make norms and behavior pointless. Value-added theory says that the gathering creates new values to the participants.

                Reactionary movements are a response against certain movements that have started. Conservative is to maintain traditions or old norms and systems. Revisionary is to improve rules. Revolutionary is to change the system. The relative deprivation theory states that movements are caused because there is oppression and a neglecting to a certain group. Resource theory says that movements require moralization and money.

                                    

                There are four steps in the cycle of successful social movements. Agitation is the start when the purpose or inspiration for the change. Legitimation the process of turning the movement in to a respectable quest. Bureaucratization is the results of the movement were it becomes a law. After the movement is part of the laws more individuals can get us to the idea this result is known as institutionalization in which people no longer feel the change.

                In the social order it is complicated for equality this causes many to unite to maintain or change this order. The different types of unions as diverse as they are it are the result of the injustice and comfort of the world. Even as the way of change happens many react negatively or over react to the fear of everything being the way it discomforts them. The types of reactions are vast and have valid points yet the explanation can be confusing because some have holes to certain movements that started and ended decently without recourses or reason to occur. Forgetting this detail it is very common for a certain cycle to be followed which happens to every successful movement. Every movement that has success help advance society. That is why it is very important to allow change to improve the social system that governs multiple individuals who could have been oppressed.   

chapter 16 Population and urbanization

                The amount of individuals in a society is crucial to understand the future of a society the same as their location that determines how they separate and divide the social class. To start to understand the population is their change, which have been explained by Malthusian and demographic transition. Without controlling population the cities evolve. There is also an urban ecology and city life.

                To start measuring the population change the birth rate composed of the amount of live births divided by the total births times a thousand, this depends on the fertility and the fecundity. Death rate depends on the amount of deaths divided by the total population times a thousand that is made by infant mortality and the expectancy. Migration rate is made of the number of people that enter a country. When combined that gives the growth rate. Some countries have an exponential growth that doubles others stay the same in the worst case it decreases. Malthusian created a theory that dictates there will always be famine and a poor class because of the over population. The transition theory instead believes that for a society will improve its population growth after a 50 years with a good health care.

                                                  

                Many governments have notices that their population has a harmful change that has to be controlled. Many have an over population creating a need for family planning this can lead to a financial improvement caused by the lack of having to pay for more children than what they can handle. Other countries like Russia instead try to make people to have more children. As cities depend on location and number of individuals many cities  before industries were near bodies of water that could provide for the people. Now the new cities are around the preindustrial cities and use other methods to obtain water and no longer depend on the body of water.

                Urban ecology is the study of the interactions in urban areas that have divided the types of city structures. Concentric zone were the work is in the sector and in the outer layers there is the wealthier class. Sector model has work in the middle but the residential can varies. The multiple nuclei model is instead a mess with different areas and locations that do not always work. There are three theories of how to explain the social life. Urban anomie were people fight because of the small and compacted society, cosmopolitan were people can actually work together and subculture were people join based on common interest.

The population of an area is never constant of peaceful because of how the social structure based on the economy alters values and ideals. People need to reproduce to maintain the human race but the poor class is the one that ensures low prices which in term causes them to have more children to share the burden even when it only creates more poverty. We need change. Change only happens when people want and understand the change that is needed. 

chapter 15 Science and mass media

                Information is an important aspect of society because it gives insights of the advances and problems of society. One of the most rapid growing means to discover information of the world is science. The history of science that leads to multiple changes of social structures and relations is fundamental to understand the present science. With these new systems and during the renaissance the mass media grew in an exponential form. The only negative are the terrible side effects like the jealousy and inequality.

Science started in Greece with math, physics, astronomy, and biology/medicine. After the fall of Rome the Catholic Church and the economy silenced the scientific research.  the renaissances began a resurgence of science with  the scientific method and gained power after the 1800s with the industrialization. Modern science has multiple branches and specialty, norms are expected to be followed and has a scientific community to ensure norms were followed during experiment before being accepted. These norms are the judgments based on creating equality ,Organized skepticism: All scientist discoveries can be questioned and re-test, Communalism: the discovery belongs to the scientist society and will be shared in the scientist society, Disinterestedness: scientist must look for the truth not individual gain, Counter norms: if the research has a controversial or not well defined the research will be judged by mental state.

                                                

Mass media: method to communicate that reaches multiple individuals. Writing and paper: Sumerians with writing, Egyptians with papyrus. The printing press in Europe in 1400ad. The industrial age: the industrial age multiplied the speed of the printing press and soon after the news paper, radios, and movies. Computer and information society: the invention of the internet caused the creation of digital society that exchanges information and social economic activities. The mass media of the usa is Print media: news papers books and magazines, Audio: sound records, and radio, Visual media: movies, television, CD’s, and videocassettes, Online media: anything that is found. Convergence: areas with “media convergence” that is where to areas of media colliding and combines.

The problems of science are Fraud: researchers fake or tamper their results, Competition: the desire to obtain fame and money causes scientists to block their information that way no one can copy their experiment, This causes rushed research. Matthew effect: the credit of the experiment goes to the most famous member instead of the group. Conflictive views: different theories on reality are used in some experiments that alter the method and ideas. The perspectives of mass media are Functionalist: society runs smoother because individuals know what is happening, and Conflict: distract individuals with merchandise reducing the possibility that individuals notice and do something about the inequality. Which cause a knowledge-gap: caused by the economic difference this is known as digital divide. The mass media is known for children having access to violence, less contact with others, and a decrease in social capital. It also makes a spiral of silence: were a group silences those with different opinion and allows Gatekeepers to select only a part of the information to be.

                                 

Science and information are the reason for social change and improvement. The problems come from all directions because none of these areas are perfect. From the conflict that are neutralize create a greater revolution because eventually a very one is able to communicate. Even with the errors science overcomes they as well as those that depend on the mass media.

chapter 13 The economy and politics

                The economy and politics control the present and future of a society. Even though each has power over individuals they both depend in each other. This can be seen in the economic system and the legitimacy of power a government possesses. There are different economies and the American capitalism is a result of multiple mixtures between socialism and capitalism with a strong base of capitalism. Politics are not so different there is a variety of governments and the USA has an interesting system of democracy with multiple rules.

                The economic institution is the way that a society governs the production of goods. The factors of production are the resources needed to manufacture the products. There are three sectors of the economic system the primary is the raw materials, secondary manufactures products, and tertiary provides services. The other way to see it is preindustrial where the economy is based on the extraction of resources or agriculture. Industrial were the economy buys the product of preindustrial economies to create products.  Postindustrial is a society that sales information or are based on e companies. Power is the ability to control others. Authority is normally is where people follow because they followed their status before. Rational-legal authority is power vested by the government. Charismatic authority is power given to those based on how much a group agrees with the individual. Coercion is illegitimate power because the law does not allow it and people do not agree with them.

                                       

                Capitalism is where individuals control the production instead of the government. The why the economy is regulated by supply were people make more because they can charge more and demand were people buy more when the price decreases. The French call free-enterprise laissez-faire capitalism because the government barely gets involved. In socialism the government controls the production. Communism is normal is socialism that can lead to totalitarianism were power is exercised over citizen. The American economy is mostly capitalist were corporations are owned by few and they are protected in the USA and are multinational and have e-comers.

                There are three types of government democracy were the people have a say, monarchy that is where an individual has the power un less there is a constitution in which the people have a say and the monarch approves, and authoritarian in which were the state has the power as dictatorship, junta, or absolute monarchy. In the USA there is democracy but individual companies have power over certain candidates.

                In the current ways of government and economy it is easy to see that the problem is the free enterprise. There should be regulations on profit to ensure companies do not have the ability to control or over through governments. The fact that pure capitalist and socialist economies do not exist shows that a balance most be found between democracy and free enterprise that persuade individuals with the propaganda that they are able to give to the individuals who will do their bidding corrupting laws and more.   

chapter 14 Education and religion

                As more and more information is created less individuals are able to learn all that is known. In many cultures parents pass down their knowledge to their children who will gain spiritual guides by their religion. This is why in a large and diverse society like countries education plays a major role to ensure everyone knows around the same. This can sometimes have a conflict with religion as well as it can work together. This can be seen in public catholic school.

                Education is the methods to pass information from one generation to the next. The purpose of education varies depending the perspective. According to the functionalist education teaches skills, transmits culture, integrates individuals and it guides individuals into an occupation. The conflict perspectives believe is controls individuals with a hidden curriculum and tracking individuals with different education programs this also cause create an educational and socioeconomic difference. The internationalists believe that education aid the self fulfilling prophesies that can be positive and negative. This can be related to religion and their function. Religion create coherence or in other words bonds between individuals, as well as it controls their followers by teaching some actions are profane and what they should to is the sacred acts they dictate. An extra is the emotional support made by the bonds.

                                         

                After the education reform the quality of education increased. This lead to an increase of graduates. Some use public schools that are paid by taxes. Some choose charter school that is private. This is an alternative in the school choice that is also composed of home school were parents teach their kids.  The reason some prefer home school is because school violence is present and the zero tolerance has failed in their area or they fear their children will have bad influences. As well as the English language has been diminished by the diversity in cultural and linguistic were parents teach their children a language that is reinforced more that English this creates a bilingual education.

                                                     

                Religion has rituals that are patterns of behavior that are followed. Different religious beliefs are animism. The beliefs in mystical spirits that can have shamanism where there is a shaman or totemism were animals and humans have kinship. The second belief is theism that is the amounts of deities were mono is one supreme deity, and poly is a group of multiple deities. The third and last of the beliefs is ethicalism based on a set of values. The organization can be ecclesia with a kinship, denomination like a church, a sect with a small group and a leader, or cults were their beliefs are different from largest religions. The USA government still has religious affiliations and religious participation.

                As the demand for equality in knowledge and other areas have not been met it is easy to notice how easy it is for many to miss opportunities passed on their economic status. Even when religion can provide a certain degree of education it will control and eliminate the information that differ with their teachings, that is why as a culture more and more individuals must help to increase the equality in education. 

chapter 11 Gender, age, and health

              As individual differences separate society, more culture differs from how each group behaves. One of the ongoing rights fights are the female rights that have been diminished throughout the western culture until after WWII women started to gain the same jobs and a different stereotype. In the United States age has an important role for judgment as well as it can cause fear in terms of society. Health plays the hope card for society but recently it has become harder to obtain in the United States.    

               Gender is the behavior expected to be followed by a members of a certain sex. In the gender roles the behavior and attitudes are made or dictated by society, like house duty or hard labor. The gender identities in the other hand are the changing awareness. In certain culture in Africa makeup is not only for women but for male doctors, this can be seen in other tribes in America. As the social status for each gender is un equal the differences most be taught from an early age. As kids many are taught that girls are delicate and that boys are rough which has different areas that can be ambiguous like cooking that in a house it is expected to be done by women but in restaurants by men. Many societies are patriarchies were the man is expected to be the head of the family. Sexism is when one gender is placed higher than the other. This has caused women’s movements that caused women the suffrage which allowed them to vote. Still there is an inequality for education and a wage gap that proves that the glass ceiling is still present. An example is that working moms still are expected to do household duties.

                Ageism is the preference of a certain age group. As the aging world grows in the grey America more people retire. The fear is the baby boom generation which will cause the dependency ratio to be 2 working individuals to sustain one elderly. The inequality mostly consists of the problem for the young to sustain the old. Another inequality is for the disabled.

                In the united states health care is not provided by the government but by the individual families. Some managed care consists on using alternative health insurance. Recently more and more have suffered from the rise of prize for health care causing an inequality for those with fewer resources. This has caused unconventional medicine to grow in popularity. The largest fear in medicine is the aids disease that weakens the defenses and is transmitted by sex.

                As the world cause differences between genders less single moms will be able to pay for health insurance for their children and themselves. This will only get worse as more working families will have to pay more taxes for the baby boom generation. How much change will be needed for the social balance to be stable after this shock hits it. Only the future can tell us.

chapter 12 Family

                The initiation into society starts or should start in a family. The family system has a complex system of and function. The core of a family are the union of the parents this is known as marriage, there is a process as well as disruptions in marriages. The greatest problems are the trends created by the increase of disruptions.

                Family is a group of individuals who are related by blood or by law. The family orientation is the nuclear family the individual is born or adopted into, that is composed of siblings and parents. The family of procreation is the individual and his or her spouse plus their children. The extended family in the other hand would include the grandparents. The kinship consists of multiple individuals related to each other. The family is responsible to make the sexual taboo between family members. The creation of more family members, the socialization of the new members, plus the economic and emotional security.

                Marriage are the set of rules that are followed by a couple. There are two types of partnerships monogamy we there is only a pair and polygamy were there are more than one partner for an individual. In polygamy if a man have multiple spouses it is called polygyny but if it were a women it would be polyandry. An important part of a family is which grandparent family they are closest to. If it was the parents it is patrilocality, if it was the mother then is a matrilocality, and if they are close to both then it is a bilocality, but if they were far from both then it is a neolocality. How the property is passed down is patrilineal when it is passed from father to son, matrilineal mother to daughter and bilateral descent when it goes to any. Certain is marriages are based on homogamy (same age, status, religion and race)  and others on heterogamy (different opinions).
                                    

                Family violence affects the children and the mother because it affects their psychological and physical state. This can lead to divorce that separates parents. This can happen in dual –earning families.  The resent problems created a trend of delayed marriages, delayed childbearing creating a sandwich generation,  voluntary childlessness, dual –earning marriages, one-parent families and remarriage. This affects the family house hold the mental state of children. As more families follow this trends and create broken homes with broken families less individuals will follow the home making procedures required to create a stable family.

                Family is the most important aspect of society since without it the first years of life depend on guidance. Family provides social guidance and without it individuals run the risk of failing as parents and being failed as children by the system. The fact that violence and divorce are common shows that better surrogate parents must be made as well as the structure of teaching who to make and maintain a family. Chair less of partner number or reasons to unite the society needs stability from the core.  

chapter 10 Racial and ethnic relations

The concept of race is not science. As a society grows individuals try to find comfort in groups that share something in common with them. The larges problem of this concept is that groups discriminate others. By distinguishing others as superior the less popular ethnicities and races are treated as minorities. These are the truths of the social classes and the prejudice to those who are different.

Race is a set of traits that are recognize by others. There are different social races that expand from there are 2 races to 200. The main theory is that there are three race groups the Mongoloids, Engrains and Caucasoid, but it does not apply to all the individuals of the world. In the other hand ethnicity are the people that share opinions that distinguish them turning them into an ethnic group once others recognize them. Many concepts of races and ethnicities cause the division in a society the concepts of a minority group is created based on the idea that they are less so they can be treated differently. 

        

Once the minority group of an area is established socially it becomes a trend to discriminate them based on their difference to the dominant race or ethnicity. There are two types of discrimination legal and institutional discrimination the only differences are that one would be punished and the other is allowed. Way individuals create the weakness or bad reputation for a group is with stereotypes to create a concept of those individuals so that the rumors become true caused by the self –fulfilling prophecy effect.  This is why racism exists, to solve it the groups must be allowed to be understood and incorporated, because the minority groups are the scapegoats for the problems because they are different.  

                   

There are many minorities in the social classes, races ethnic groups and economically the main reason for their existence is that they are different and unpopular. Cultural pluralism is allows cultures to keep traditions, allowing them to maintain their identity. This facilitates their assimilation because they can share it without being out cased. The problem is that some segregate the minorities with laws, de jure segregation, or with informal methods, de facto segregation.  These are methods of subjugation in some ways it is like mental slavery. In the worst case this leads to genocide or ethnic cleansing. The five minorities of the USA are the black, Hispanics, Asian, Native American and white ethnics which are those that did not share the same beliefs as the English.

The truth of how the social structures divide only to ensure inequality is destructive. The more it is understood the better a society can prepare to neglect its growth. Every ethnicity has its truths and knowledge that deserve respect. Sooner or later the inequality will cause revolutions in the society that tend to have violence. So less violence and more unity for the future this way we can see the past a judge and analyze the why. 

chapter 9 Social stratification

In society we wish we could all de equal. The truth is that in every system there are social stratifications, that are the different types of class that change in society. There are two types of social stratification but they share the same dimensions that help categorize the class, the reason class appear is unknown but theories have appeared. In the USA the class system has different levels that allow for a socioeconomic growth. The largest and most complicated problem for the economy is in the end poverty as it is present in the social and cultural aspect of a group but more important is that it is harmful when there are too many individuals forming part of this group.     

           

                The cast system is known in India because the main characteristic is that the rewards and distribution is based on a prescribed on status. Before endogamy was dominated, to marry based only with those with the same status, but now exogamy, to marry outside the status, is practiced as an alternative. In the class system the individuals have a control over their status which brings them resources and rewards. There are two types of individuals in this system the bourgeoisie that have the resources to produce and the proletarian that are the ones that work. The dimensions of stratification are wealth: their valuables, power: their ability to control, and prestige: respect and honor that others recognize that is part of their socioeconomic status. The functionalist believe this appears because certain roles have to be performed be some. Conflict theory is that the exploitation of individuals causes stratification.

                In the United States there are six classes. Upper classes, upper middle class, lower middle class, working class, working poor and the underclass that are the lowest in the system. There is social movement that can be horizontal in which jobs of the same status are exchanged, or they can be vertical were jobs with different status are exchanged. In an intergenerational mobility would cause a family to have a vertical mobility, but it can be upward of down ward.

                

                                  

                Poverty is known as the life style below standard in that society. The minimum income is known as the poverty level.  In the US the risk of being poor depends on the sex, age, and racial group.  Depending on the economic group the life expectancy can vary as well as life can change to the point someone can rise in the economic status. Some of the behaviors of a social group can vary but there are very strong coincidences in behavior by those in the same economic status. Before the solution for poverty was known as transfer of payments were the government distributed recourses in various parts of society but now it is education.

                There is a problem when the working people are the poor but that is how the world has been designed by the human rulers that have used their power to ensure the ones that can make change have power and recourses over those who only wish to work. The poverty present is the result of complicating the economical growth of the world by increasing the requirements and cost to obtain then. In the cast system no one can grow from their status but at least one can be given some little insurance that one would not decrease. Hope is great but unless education is given in a way that everyone gets enough to work in an over the poverty level there will be no point for hope to prevail. 

chapter 8 Deviance and social control

                Every one is different in this world even when this is true it is still hard to accept every one. The reason is because in our society there are rules of behavior that if not fallowed to a certain level it would cause a disturbance.  The disturbances are deviances and they have an important function in society that helps the community. The different types of theories of how and why these deviances appear have a vast amount of similarities. There are also a the problem that some deviances become crimes that need punishment.

              

                 The stigma, social disgrace given to certain deviances, can influence the decisions of treatment. The clarifying norms are the boundaries made to maintain order while allowing certain deviances to stay or appear. The deviances cause stigmas which cause individuals to unite as well as the people that do not approve those deviances. Some of the emotions that people feel have to be expressed as deviance. As well as it promotes social change in a group. In another positive deviances allow for others to benefit from how some individuals have become a threat to society causing a need to contain them or finding them like the people that study criminology.

                The functionalist point of view of why there are deviances is that they are a natural growth for humanity. As well as they appear when the norms are unclear known as anomie. The conflict perspective is that the deviances are able to change society so this means that they appear because they are needed to ensure a social growth. The control theory made by the Interactionist perspective says it is a natural occurrence. The cultural theory believes that it is learned, Different association is its core. The labeling theory instead concentrates on what causes individuals to be labeled as deviances.

                A crime is a deviance condemned by the ones in power. There are three types of crimes violent that involve damage of individuals. Property that involves damage or theft. Victimless were only the criminal is hurt. White collar were rich are committing crimes. The finally the organized crime were a crime syndicate that concentrate on  a professional controlled crime.  When the crime is committed a punishment is assigned by the police who arrest, the court who judges the crime, and the corrections that punish the crime. The reason they punish is to correct, recidivism and to ensure that the individual can renter the society.

                Careless the fact that deviance can be both positive and negative give proof that there are good and bad aspects in every part of society. Even when there are stigmas to separate the people that commit deviances it also forms groups that can create jobs. All the theories believe that they have an important or natural part of the social growth.  Hope fully the future will not involve more crime by those who organize them self to ensure success as well as the white collar crimes, but criminology will grow to the point they will be easier to prevent.  

chapter 6-7 Adolescence and Adulthood

                The concepts of the transitions of age are based originally on status. The difference between a kid and an adult is easily seen but there is a resent change in which the individual is too young to work to work buy too old to act as a child. Adolescents have multiple problems and concepts that cause this invention to create a blurring between them and their next stage of life known as adulthood. Even though the teenager years have a lot to offer adult hood has a larger amount of changes and concepts. The female and male changes are different as well as their aging problems easily cause different results to upper. Finally the working stage of life has a large impact on the individual’s life.

                The idea of adolescence begun in the industrial revolution were kids gained jobs instead of education and could sustain themselves instead of belonging to a family. Soon this caused an age for legal working to began to ensure a proper education could be given. The age at which children turn in to teens is when they are 13 or 14, when puberty the changes to allow sexual reproduction to start. In these years biological growth caused by hormones begin. Parents and teachers ask more from teens than before. This combined with the physical changes make teens feel as if everything is crucial. Many teens see that they do not have a status in their life so a search begins to find their self begins. Anticipatory socialization  tends to happen in this years as a to prepare foe their future adult life in a work environment. In the search for their future job and identity many adolescents end up finding them in trouble. Sex tends to attract them and cause them to become parents and loss their education. The drugs, are chemicals that change mood, behavior or consciousness, cause violence and addiction that can end in arrest. Drugs are used to socialize but the truth is that the attachment to society, social integration, in other cases causes individuals to commit suicide because they do not fit in.                                                                                                                                                   

                To become an adult many believe it is based on age but it can happen in between 17 to 32 known as the novice phase. The adult life of women is mostly based on relation this can take place in the sense of marriage or dating, a romantic engagement. This was created after world war one when teens received a mode of transportation and places to go. This is more for entertainment and to maintain a social status called homogamy, not like courtship that ends in marriage. The male adulthood is concentrated on what they have started in terms of work. The adult life is divides in three stages early, middle and late adulthood era. The early is between 17 to 39, middle between 40 to 59, and late is from 65 to above. In the early adult hood individuals find mentors, individuals who may teach and guide them. To begin adulthood the first phase is to leave the family, the second is to start working, and finally to continue life after the children are grown.

                A crucial part of adulthood is the profession, which is a status that requires skill in an art obtained through practice. To not be employed means not having the means to sustain the life of the family members or the individuals own. The unemployment is dangerous as well as its rate. There is large amount diversity when it comes to an occupation. The current job has a relatively high satisfaction. After this it is possible to enjoy the young, middle, and old –old . in this time people enjoy retirement while they go through the poses for death. In a rare case individuals suffer from Alzheimer’s that take their control from their body. In any case it creates dependency in the young , but there are multiple possibilities.

Aging is a beautiful a confusing experience. It can cause multiple confusing experiences but it does not mean that it will all be horrible. The dependencies only allow individuals to be relived from their past work. Even drugs can’t absorb the possible opportunities that the future offers. So the only end is the awaiting future.

chapter 5 Socializing the individual

As intelligence, personality’s origin is unknown. How and way every individual has different interests, beliefs, behavior and values has puzzled many since it is divided in two sides nurture and nature. These are the answers for the question of the origin of personality in an individual. Through time sociologists have studied the isolated children who have had little to no contact with the social groups. To fix the damage to an individual or to add information to an individual’s personality to replace the undesired traits they are sent to an agent of socialization to change them to a certain standard of ideals values, beliefs and behavior. The idea that the agents of socialization works is based on nurture, and the social self origin ideas.

                                      

The debate of nature and nurture is based on whether people are mostly affected by their genetics or their experience. The heredity the traits passed down by generations through the genetic of the parents. Some of these traits are instincts that are uncontrolled reactions. In sociobiology the idea is that traits are what create what is called personality. Heredity is thought to have an important part in the development of the individual, the genetic aptitude to learn a skill could lead to a particular area of an individual’s personality. The order of birth can influence the decisions as well as the characteristics of parents because they affect the treatment change to the development of the individual just as much as the culture environment dose.

                                         

                The agents of socialization are in charge of making individuals that work in the society. These are family, peer group, schools, and the mass media that work after and when an individual is Resocializased, which breaks their experience, this can happen in total institutions. Well these agents are not part of the life of individuals feral children, children that wild or untamed, are formed. In an example Anna was locked in the attic with minimum social interact while she had little food like Isabella the only difference was that Isabelle was lucky to be rescued in time to survive and caught up with her age expectations while deaf, Anna died at an age of ten after her rescue and Genie had human interaction but it was painful.

                The social self of the individual theories are three. Locke made the tabula rasa that say that the experience creates the personality of the individual. Cooley theories that the personality is the result of the individual’s belief of the opinion of others this was called looking-glass self based on how we use others to create our personality. Mead created the role taking idea that states that what others believe one is what one becomes.

                Care less of how obtain our personality the mystery will be debated because there is always a large one that will have a say in the mater. If we are more biological than experience then hopefully we will find faster ways to fix multiple problems in terms of the personalities. This is incredible when seen from because the point of view of how it most feels when one remembers the transformation of our personality over the years. That is what make the question dose it change because of experience or because our instincts adapts to the situation.

chapter 4 Social structure

The compositions of the social structures are made of different rations between groups, roles, status, interaction, economy, and organization. These individual components coexist to allow society to work smoothly even though there can be a clash between roles, status, and organization. In different companies the matter of work can have difficulties based on their inner rules that can differ from the outside world; they have to teach it to every new comer. There is a theory called the six degrees of separation that refer to how many people are between one individual and any other individual. The power and weakness of society is its complexity.

                Status is a defined position that can be, ascribed, given or achieved. The master status is a way to be identified based on work or marital status. The roles are attached to each status have a role expectation and the role performance that is the real work done. Different status with different roles sets can create conflict because both role sets can’t be managed at the same time, like to be a good friend and still be a good mentor of a parent. Different status and roles working together for the benefit of multiple individuals is called a social institution. They have different magnified relations with the interactions with individuals like competition, conflicts, cooperation , accommodations in which nether side wins, and exchange of favors, work or goods this is made possible by reciprocity that states that if some dose something for one that one now owes the other individual a favor. The theory of exchange is that individuals are motivated to obtain something from the individuals they interact with.

                The types of societies are made by their economical system. Preindustrial can consist on hunting and gathering food, pastoral and horticultural societies concentrate on the goal of having animals or growing plants without the help of animals in any of the two cases the first sign of work division starts, and agricultural societies that consist on using of animals to grow food products and barter to exchange the food products. Industrial societies consist of manufactured goods and urbanization of areas that consist on a cluster of people in a city. Post industrial the economy is based on information. Durkheim said that when people work together as a whole to finish a task is mechanical solidarity in preindustrial societies. Organic solidarity is instead the impersonal relation created by the increase of job specialization. Gemeinshaft is a German word for mechanic solidarity and gesellschft is for organic solidarity. Groups compose societies in a way they have to be classified by size, time needed to gather, and organization, how close do they get with the individuals as in a primal or secondary group. The type that can be reference, in and out gropes, e-communities, social networks. The function of the group require a leader, instrumentally and expressive, so logical and expressive.

                Formal organization is now represented by bureaucracy, according to Weber’s model there has to be a division of labor, ranking authorities, employment based on formal qualifications, rules and regulations, and specific lines of promotion and advancement. A non-profit profit organization falls to the category of a voluntary work. Weber’s model falls apart by the iron law of oligarchy in which people promote others for their own interests. In Japan to show how the working groups function the older workers show the new comers how to act and dress according to the company standards. In a bank they even have a code that says that if they are not formal they are disrespecting the customer. By using this method many workers can follow a certain standard.

                The way society works depends on the individuals. As they use their status for the benefit others and not succumbing to the iron law of oligarchy gropes will work smoothly in their designated economy. Even with the different types of groups they can all work together and exchange knowledge for the benefit of both sides. With more organic solidarity in a work space the team is doomed to fall but when everyone work together for the common goal a society can fully improve and transcend. 

chapter 3 cultural conformity and adaptation

Cultural diversity is the result of the different technology, language and values. There are rules and ways by which these cultures are studied. The different cultures are mostly used to find the similarities whether it is in their norms or life style. The different norms with in a culture can sometimes create sub cultures.

                A culture is composed of the material, which are the objects that allow people to interact and the non material that are the concepts or values that the individuals share. The components of culture in the other hand are the different interactions. Technology is the tools used that require skill, which require the information to be passed down. Language is the medium with which the information is passed  down.  Values are the important ideas and concepts that are used and passed down to generations. The norms are a combination of different ideas and taboos that the individuals should not break in a society. The Folkways are the inner circle concepts that are considered acceptable but if broken there is no harsh punishment. Mores are the accepted behaviors that are not to be broken unless the individual wishes to be looked down by others. Laws are the severely punished taboos broken by any individual in a formalized mores way.

                To examine a culture there are three areas of important consideration. The cultural traits  that consists of their beliefs, acts and their  tools. The culture complex that is the combination of beliefs, acts, and objects.  The last important part is the cultural patters that consists of the combination of cultural complexes.  When the culture is studied to their core ideas it is possible to compare the cultures and find the cultural universal that are tools acts and beliefs shared in all cultures. This can be important because in societies far apart have similar beliefs an tradition but they don’t have that type of connection with neighbor societies. The Arapesh are focalized in unity, but the mundugumor are very separate when it comes to the same sex.  The parents of the arapesh are very united to their children, but the mundugurmor are very distant from their same sex children. That is way it is important to understand that even if the two societies are in the same area it does not mean they will be very similar in all aspects.

                When comparing cultures it is often found that many individuals will share ethnocentrism that consists in the belief that the culture one belongs is superior to the rest of the cultures, in at least one occasion everyone has felt this. Some times to change this feeling when studying a different culture one has to use cultural relativism that consists that other cultures should not judge other cultures with their standards but instead the studied culture standards. Counter cultures are formed when a subculture, a small group that has a slight variation in the opinion from the main culture, rebels against an idea from the main stream.

                The diversity in a culture is formed by the different subculture that allows change and advances in life stills. Even though a culture or subcultures have different standards of life does not mean they are superior or inferior to the main and to your culture. Just as Whorf’s hypothesis of language molding the minds of their people and making them pensive the world differently, the diversity of cultures allow us to see a different ways to see the world. 

chapter 2 cultural diversity

As the social sciences evolved and separated certain branches started specifying in certain areas of the human interaction. Sociology is the branch that emphasizes on the way societies large or small interact and divides each other to work and accomplish a goal. In the beginning few sociologists had ground breaking theories of how society works. The exception were five pioneers who’s minds created or related information to find answers of the mysteries of society. In the modern days most of these ideas have been adapted or erased and replaced by the three perspectives that represent sociology.

                Sociology is far fair and close to all social sciences since they all share the interests in the human behavior. Psychology has a branch for sociology only they consentrate how dose these societies affect the individual when sociology cares more of how people or other factors affect the society. Economics check the desire to obtain the needs and wants in a group but sociology sees how the wants and needs  are changing  in a grope over time as they shift what is important. Many other of the social sciences over lap since there is always the main focuses that is the human interaction that happens in a  groupe that create other areas of interest for the investigators of society.

As sociology started to plant its roots into the independent science, some philosophers started to create potential truths of society its self. Auguste Conte was the creator of the term statics, the simple takes or areas that keep society together, and dynamics that is the change in society. An example of this is how the power of desire keeps teams together and the dynamic would be how this desire changes from item to item. Herbert Spencer instead used Darwin discovery to create Social Darwinism. This idea was that society only increases its complexity over time. For example the simple dinner MacDonald’s started small and began to grow into a fast food giant with strong rules instead of everything being handled by the boss morals. Karl Marx by studied the French revolution he concluded that in society there are the rich and the working class, this always will lead to conflict which are god since an agreement is made to ensure progress. Emile Durkheim concentrated in function was to understand a society first the function of each area has to be understood. Max Weber was the one who used the ideal type, the search of part in different in society to find its core, to understand Verstehen a tem made for the study of what caused certain actions by pleasing ones self in their place.

There are three perspectives Functionalist, Conflict, and Interactionist. Functionalists believe in efficiency that is way they check for dysfunctional elements that disrupt hoe society works. The way it is by checking their functions, manifest and the latent, the manifest is the intended function like communicating in far distances with a phone, and a latent would be facilitating the propagations of information. The conflict theory is inspired by Karl Marx theory, which is way they see any struggle more like a face that society has to overcome to grow. Interactionist looks to find what the most important ideas for each society are. Specifically what concepts they give symbols. Symbols are like letters images that represent something different.

After the long journey and constant rivalry with other social sciences sociology has finally a place. This can only mean more advances and concepts of how and why societies work. Even if it is by social evolution or  conflict it grows society varies creating endless possibilities when mixed. That is why for sociology to stop and dry the fountain of opportunities it has it will have to end human society as it is known.